230 Volts - 50 Hz to 115 Volts - 60 Hz Converter

    In reality very few devices today are frequency-dependent and many have switching power supplies which can be connected to a wide range of voltages.  If only voltage is the issue then a transformer will solve the problem but there are still some devices which require a certain line frequency and frequency is much more complicated to convert.  A friend has a shaver which resonates mechanically with the 60 Hz line frequency and will not work well at 50 Hz.  (I still have and use daily a BRAUN shaver from about 1967 which resonates at 50 Hz and will not work well at 60 Hz even though the voltage can be switched between 110 and 220 V. I have another, newer shaver which does not depend on frequency for when I travel abroad.)  Even motors which will work at 50 Hz by rotating slower need to have the voltage adjusted downwards due to the lower impedance at 50 Hz so sometimes it makes sense to provide the right frequency even if not strictly necessary. 
    It is easy to convert voltage using a transformer or maybe a switching adapter but it is not so easy to convert frequency.  After some search I found there exist frequency converters but they are very expensive professional equipment, not gadgets for the traveler, so I set out to design and build one myself.
    The specs are:
            Input: 230 Volt ac, 48 to 400 Hz.
            Output: 115 Volt RMS ac (modified sine wave), 60 Hz.
    The power this converter can output depends mainly on the value of C1 and C2; the larger they are, the greater the output.  The transistors are oversized for this low power application and could handle much more power supposing they are mounted on an adequate heat sink and the control section would not be affected at all.  As this circuit outputs 115 V RMS it can be used as a voltage converter even if the device does not require 60 Hz and would work with 50 Hz but in this case a transformer is really a better solution.
    Caution! This circuit handles extremely high and dangerous voltages.  Do not even think of building it unless you have the necessary knowledge and expertise.  This is not a recipe to be followed blindly but an example of a general idea to be developed to suit individual needs.  If you are not experienced then don't even try.
   
  Inverter Section
    We can divide the converter into three distinct parts.  One is the switching part (inverter) which outputs the 115 V RMS rectangular wave, another is the control section which controls the switching and a third is the low voltage power supply for the control section.  Let's first have a quick look at the different sections beginning with the switching inverter section.
    C1 and C2 are charged in series from the 230 V mains through the diode bridge to a total of about 320 V which is divided equally among both of them.  There is no power factor correction so this design is really only suitable for relatively small loads.  A couple of resistors of equal value in parallel with C1 and C2 assure the voltage is distributed equally among both capacitors.  I happened to have 330K but I probably would have chosen a somewhat lower value like 100 K.  An NTC limits the inrush current.  I also added a fuse which is not shown in the diagram at the line input.  This is common sense and the only protection against overloads.

230 Volts - 50 Hz to 115 Volts - 60 Hz Converter
    The load is connected on one end to the middle point of C1 and C2 and the other end is alternatively switched between the high and low rails by the half bridge formed by TR1 and TR2.  A reverse-biased 1N4007 diode is shown in parallel with each of TR1 and TR2.  This is to protect from transients due to inductive loads.  In fact I did not install them because the MOSFETs IRF830 have this diode included in the case.  I mounted the pair of transistors on a radiator although with the reduced load they hardly warm up but the circuit could be upgraded to handle greater power by just increasing the value of C1 and C2 and transistor heat would not be a problem.  This is the good part of working at a low frequency such as 60 Hz.
    In order to keep the peak and RMS values of the output equal to a 115 Vac RMS sine wave we need to have the output be:
            1/4 cycle = 0 V (both transistors blocked),
            1/4 cycle = +160 V (TR2 conducts),
            1/4 cycle = 0 V (both transistors blocked),
            1/4 cycle = -160 V (TR1 conducts),
    It can be mathematically shown that this wave shape has the same RMS and peak values as a 115 V sine ac wave.  Peak value is important for devices which charge capacitors to peak value and RMS is important for other devices.  For this reason this waveform is the best rectangular approximation to a sine wave and is commonly called "modified sine wave".  I, personally, dislike this marketing term because it is quite inaccurate.  Rectangular wave or "modified square wave" would be more accurate.  Some devices might require true sine wave.  For a discussion of this see here.  Many voltmeters measure average volts and correct by a factor of 0.707/0.636 to indicate RMS which assumes a sine waveform and will not be valid for other waveforms.  Such an instrument when measuring a rectangular "modified sine wave" like this one will under-indicate by a factor of 0.5/0.636 and so the readings would have to be multiplied by 0.636/0.5 = 1.272 to find the true measurement. 
WaveformTrue sineModified Sine
Peak1.0001.000
Average0.6360.500
RMS0.7070.707

    In the following photo we can see the actual rectangular output (green) as seen on a 'scope and a mathematical sine wave (red) superimposed.  Actual voltage from the mains have the top very much clipped due to all the rectifier-capacitor loads.
230 Volts - 50 Hz to 115 Volts - 60 Hz Converter
    So, we need two signals which will switch TR1 and TR2 on/off at the appropriate times.  TR1 (called "low side") is easy to control because the source is at the same base reference level as the controlling circuit but TR2 (called "high side") is a bit more tricky because it is floating and goes all the way between both rails.  There are many ways to solve the problem of translating the level of the control signal.  You can search for "high-side control" or similar terms.  There are many discrete circuits (example) and integrated solutions (example: IRS2110 pdf).  I considered using a IRS2110 for simplicity but it was relatively expensive and difficult to find so I decided to go with my own discrete solution using an old optocoupler which I already had.  The design is extremely simple and works well at 60 Hz but would not be suitable for high switching frequencies because TR2 delays in switching off and the circuit would have to be altered to make it switch off faster (which would not be complicated to do).  This is because the gate discharges through the capacitor rather than having a signal forcing it down.  Lowering the value of the resistor speeds up the switch-off time but requires higher current while the transistor is turned on.
    Special attention needs to be given to understanding the bootstrap capacitor which provides polarization for switching the high side MOSFET TR2.  This capacitor is charged to 15 V through the diode, from the low voltage power supply which supplies the control section when TR1 is conducting and brings the capacitor to ground level.  Then, when TR1 stops conducting the capacitor floats up with the source of TR2 providing the necessary voltage for the switching of the gate through the optocoupler (or whatever circuit is used in other cases).  I actually used 47 uF which is more than enough.
   
  Control Section
    Let us look now at the control section.  It is formed by a classic 555 oscillator oscillating at 960 Hz, a four stage CD4029 divider (divides by 16) and three NOR gates of a CD4001.  The waveforms shown are self-explanatory.  It can be seen how T1 and T2 are alternatively positive for 1/4 cycle.  T2 is applied to the optocoupler which shifts the level to that of TR2.  There is a fourth, unused gate in the 4001 and it is good practice to connect the inputs to either ground or Vcc rather than leave them floating.  I also placed a bypass capacitor between the power supply pins.
    Pin 1 of the 4029 counter preloads a value set at pins 4, 12, 13, 3 into Q1-Q4 when connected to Vcc and the counter counts normally when connected to ground.  This means we can stop the output by pulling it high.  With the resistor and capacitor as shown the inverter output will take about a second to start working after the power is applied.  I used this at first but I later removed the capacitor to speed up my testing and I never replaced it.  You can use it or not or use a switch depending on your needs.  It could also be used to implement an overload protection with a circuit that drives it high when it detects an overcurrent at the output.
230 Volts - 50 Hz to 115 Volts - 60 Hz Converter

   
  Power Supply
    Finally we have the 15 Volt power supply for the control section.  I have not measured the consumption but I imagine it might be something like 10 or 15 mA.  We need about 15 V for the switching of the MOSFETs and the control circuit ICs will also work well at this voltage.  For such small consumption, rather than complicated regulator circuits, I always go for a very simple design as illustrated here.  I just put a zener diode in parallel with the load and make sure the transformer has enough output resistance so the zener will not be overloaded.  If I am designing a commercial product I can specify a transformer with the desired output resistance and this also helps reduce the cost as the smallest possible transformer is being used.  But if I am using a recycled transformer taken from my junk box, as in this case, then I just put a resistor in series with the primary and I try several values until the resistor by itself is reducing the current to just a bit over what the circuit needs and the small excess is absorbed by the zener diode.  You can't get much simpler than that.  Note that the zener only conducts briefly during the ac input peaks.  Also note that the resistor needs to be sized individually for each transformer and each circuit by testing.  Transformers with the same nominal output values vary wildly in their actual open-circuit voltage and in their output impedance so you have to test for yourself.  You can start with a large resistor value and decrease it gradually until you get the output voltage you need.
230 Volts - 50 Hz to 115 Volts - 60 Hz Converter

   
  Construction
    I assembled the circuit on perfboard as I designed it and tinkered with it until it worked quite well.  With a resistive load it worked perfectly but when I connected an inductive load there was a problem because each time a transistor would cut off the opposite one would turn on instantly for a brief moment.  Rather than trying to modify the circuit I solved this problem by putting a capacitor in parallel with the load and a small resistor in series with both.  It is possible that an RC snubber in parallel with each transistor would have resolved the issue.
230 Volts - 50 Hz to 115 Volts - 60 Hz Converter

230 Volts - 50 Hz to 115 Volts - 60 Hz Converter


   
    Complete diagram

Page last revised 2008-03-18

Author: Alfonso Gonzalez Vespa